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''The Satanic Verses'' controversy, also known as the Rushdie Affair, was the heated and frequently violent reaction of Muslims to the publication of Salman Rushdie's novel ''The Satanic Verses'', which was first published in the United Kingdom in 1988. Many Muslims accused Rushdie of blasphemy or unbelief and in 1989 the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran issued a fatwa ordering Muslims to kill Rushdie. Numerous killings, attempted killings, and bombings resulted from Muslim anger over the novel.〔Jessica Jacobson. ''Islam in transition: religion and identity among British Pakistani youth''. 1998, page 34〕 The Iranian government backed the fatwa against Rushdie until 1998, when the succeeding government of Iranian President Mohammad Khatami said it no longer supported the killing of Rushdie. However, the fatwa remains in place. The issue was said to have divided "Muslim from Westerners along the fault line of culture,"〔Pipes, 1990, p.133〕〔(From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath By Kenan Malik ), introduction, no page numbers〕 and to have pitted a core Western value of freedom of expression—that no one "should be killed, or face a serious threat of being killed, for what they say or write"—against the view of many Muslims—that no one should be free to "insult and malign Muslims" by disparaging the "honour of the Prophet" Muhammad.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pakistan blasts Rushdie honour )〕 English writer Hanif Kureishi called the fatwa "one of the most significant events in postwar literary history." ==Background== Even before the publication of ''The Satanic Verses'', the books of Salman Rushdie stoked controversy. Rushdie himself saw his role as a writer "as including the function of antagonist to the state".〔Rushdie, Salman, ''Jaguar Smile''; New York: Viking, 1987, p.50〕 His second book ''Midnight's Children'' angered Indira Gandhi because it seemed to suggest "that Mrs. Gandhi was responsible for the death of her husband through neglect". His 1983 ''roman à clef'' ''Shame'' "took an aim on Pakistan, its political characters, its culture and its religion... (covered ) a central episode in Pakistan's internal life, which portrays as a family squabble between Iskander Harappa (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) and his successor and executioner Raza Hyder (Zia ul-Haq)... 'The Virgin Ironpants'... has been identified as Benazir Bhutto, a Prime Minister of Pakistan".〔 Positions Rushdie took as a committed leftist prior to the publishing of his book were the source of some controversy. He defended many of those who later attacked him. Rushdie forcefully denounced the Shah's government and supported the Islamic Revolution of Iran, at least in its early stages. He condemned the US bombing raid on Tripoli in 1986 but found himself threatened by Libya's leader Muammar al-Gaddafi three years later.〔Pipes, 1990, p.236〕 He wrote a book bitterly critical of US foreign policy in general and its war in Nicaragua in particular, for example calling the United States government, "the bandit posing as sheriff".〔Rushdie, ''Jaguar Smile'', Viking, 1987〕 After the Ayatollah's fatwa however, he was accused by Iranian government of being "an inferior CIA agent".〔"The book's author is in England but the real supporter is the United States" – Interior Minister Mohtashemi (IRNA 17 February 1989) "An Iranian government statement called Rushdie "an inferior CIA agent" and referred to the book as a "provocative American deed"". (IRNA 14 February 1989) (Pipes, 1990, p.129)〕 A few years earlier, an official jury appointed by a ministry of the Iranian Islamic government had bestowed an award on the Persian translation of Rushdie's book ''Shame'', which up until then was the only time a government had awarded Rushdie's work a prize. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Satanic Verses controversy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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